Soil/rock,Average thermal condutivity (W/m/K),References
Drift,2.23,"Banks, D., Withers, J.G., Cashmore, G. and Dimelow, C., 2013. An overview of the results of 61 in situ thermal response tests in the UK. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 46(3), pp.281-291."
Blue clay,1.84,"Banks, D., Withers, J.G., Cashmore, G. and Dimelow, C., 2013. An overview of the results of 61 in situ thermal response tests in the UK. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 46(3), pp.281-291."
Chalk,1.88,"Banks, D., Withers, J.G., Cashmore, G. and Dimelow, C., 2013. An overview of the results of 61 in situ thermal response tests in the UK. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 46(3), pp.281-291."
Mudstone,1.99,"Banks, D., Withers, J.G., Cashmore, G. and Dimelow, C., 2013. An overview of the results of 61 in situ thermal response tests in the UK. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 46(3), pp.281-291."
Sandstone,3.58,"Banks, D., Withers, J.G., Cashmore, G. and Dimelow, C., 2013. An overview of the results of 61 in situ thermal response tests in the UK. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 46(3), pp.281-291."
Siltstone,2.22,"Banks, D., Withers, J.G., Cashmore, G. and Dimelow, C., 2013. An overview of the results of 61 in situ thermal response tests in the UK. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 46(3), pp.281-291."
Limestone,3.59,"Banks, D., Withers, J.G., Cashmore, G. and Dimelow, C., 2013. An overview of the results of 61 in situ thermal response tests in the UK. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 46(3), pp.281-291."
Millstone,3.34,"Banks, D., Withers, J.G., Cashmore, G. and Dimelow, C., 2013. An overview of the results of 61 in situ thermal response tests in the UK. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 46(3), pp.281-291."
Clay,1.1,"Soil, clay [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]"
Peat,0.08,Peat [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]
Concrete,1.7,"Concrete, stone [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]"
Earth,1.5,"Earth, dry [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]"
Brick,0.8,Theraml conductivity of building brick is 0.6-1.0 W/m/K [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]
Granite,2.85,Theraml conductivity of granite is 1.7-4.0 W/m/K [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]
Rock,1.5,"Thermal conductivity of rock, porous volcanic (Tuff) is 0.5-2.5 W/m/K [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]"
Timber,0.15,Average thermal conductivity of timbers [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]
Stone,1.7,"Concrete, stone [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]"
Coal,0.2,Coal [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]
Cement,0.29,"Cement, Portland [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]"
Mould,1.5,It is assumed to be earth [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]
Metal,52.5,Theraml conductivity of white metal is 35-70 W/m/K [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]
Quicksand,3,"Quicksand, also known as sinking sand, is a colloid consisting of fine granular material (such as sand, silt or clay) and water. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksand] Theraml conductivity of saturated sand is 2-4 W/m/K [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html]"
Gravel,1.8,"Rui, Y. and Yin, M., 2018. Thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling analysis of a thermo-active diaphragm wall. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 55(5), pp.720-735. [The Lambeth Group (formerly known as the Woolwich and Reading Beds) ] "
Made ground,1.25,"Rui, Y. and Yin, M., 2018. Thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling analysis of a thermo-active diaphragm wall. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 55(5), pp.720-735. [The Lambeth Group (formerly known as the Woolwich and Reading Beds) ]"
London clay,1.6,"Rui, Y. and Yin, M., 2018. Thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling analysis of a thermo-active diaphragm wall. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 55(5), pp.720-735. [The Lambeth Group (formerly known as the Woolwich and Reading Beds) ]"
Mottled clay,2.1,"Rui, Y. and Yin, M., 2018. Thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling analysis of a thermo-active diaphragm wall. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 55(5), pp.720-735. [The Lambeth Group (formerly known as the Woolwich and Reading Beds) ]"
Thanet sand,1.27,"Rui, Y. and Yin, M., 2018. Thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling analysis of a thermo-active diaphragm wall. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 55(5), pp.720-735. [The Lambeth Group (formerly known as the Woolwich and Reading Beds) ]"
Woolwich and Reading beds,2.1,"Rui, Y. and Yin, M., 2018. Thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling analysis of a thermo-active diaphragm wall. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 55(5), pp.720-735. [The Lambeth Group (formerly known as the Woolwich and Reading Beds) ]"
Sandy clay,2.01,"Busby, J., 2016. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity estimations for shallow geothermal systems. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 49(2), pp.138-146. [Sandy clay/ Sandy loam is S_L; Loamy sand is L_S; Loamy clay is L_C; Loam is L]"
Loamy sand,1.5,"Busby, J., 2016. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity estimations for shallow geothermal systems. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 49(2), pp.138-146. [Sandy clay/ Sandy loam is S_L; Loamy sand is L_S; Loamy clay is L_C; Loam is L]"
Loamy clay,1.22,"Busby, J., 2016. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity estimations for shallow geothermal systems. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 49(2), pp.138-146. [Sandy clay/ Sandy loam is S_L; Loamy sand is L_S; Loamy clay is L_C; Loam is L]"
Loam,1.09,"Busby, J., 2016. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity estimations for shallow geothermal systems. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 49(2), pp.138-146. [Sandy clay/ Sandy loam is S_L; Loamy sand is L_S; Loamy clay is L_C; Loam is L]"
Top soil,1.04,"F.J. Leij, W.J. Alves, M.T. van Genuchten, J.R. Williams, The UNSODA unsaturated soil hydraulic database: user's manual, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, (1996). [Top soil is treated as sandy clay loam]"
Silty clay,3.76,"F.J. Leij, W.J. Alves, M.T. van Genuchten, J.R. Williams, The UNSODA unsaturated soil hydraulic database: user's manual, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, (1996). [Top soil is treated as sandy clay loam]"
Claystone,1.03,"Blackwell, D.D. and Steele, J.L., 1989. Heat flow and geothermal potential of Kansas. Bulletin (Kansas Geological Survey), (226), pp.267-295. [Claystone: 0.8-1.25 W/m/K; Shale: 1.05-1.45 W/m/K; Sand: 1.70-2.50 W/m/K; Sandstone: 2.50-4.20 W/m/K]"
Clayrock,1.03,"Blackwell, D.D. and Steele, J.L., 1989. Heat flow and geothermal potential of Kansas. Bulletin (Kansas Geological Survey), (226), pp.267-295. [A type of claystone, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentonite#:~:text=In%20geology%2C%20the%20term%20bentonite,typically%20in%20a%20marine%20environment.]"
Shale,1.25,"Blackwell, D.D. and Steele, J.L., 1989. Heat flow and geothermal potential of Kansas. Bulletin (Kansas Geological Survey), (226), pp.267-295. [Claystone: 0.8-1.25 W/m/K; Shale: 1.05-1.45 W/m/K; Sand: 1.70-2.50 W/m/K; Sandstone: 2.50-4.20 W/m/K]"
Sand,2.1,"Blackwell, D.D. and Steele, J.L., 1989. Heat flow and geothermal potential of Kansas. Bulletin (Kansas Geological Survey), (226), pp.267-295. [Claystone: 0.8-1.25 W/m/K; Shale: 1.05-1.45 W/m/K; Sand: 1.70-2.50 W/m/K; Sandstone: 2.50-4.20 W/m/K]"
Marl,2.1,"Busby, J.P. Provision of thermal properties data for ground collector loop design, BGS [1.5-3.5 W/m/K]"
Silt,1.1,"Busby, J.P. Provision of thermal properties data for ground collector loop design, BGS [Silt, dry 0.4-1.0 W/m/K, Silt, saturated 0.9-2.3 W/m/K]"
Gypsum,1.6,"Busby, J.P. Provision of thermal properties data for ground collector loop design, BGS [1.3-2.8 W/m/K]"
Skerry,1.6,"Busby, J.P/ Provision of thermal properties data for ground collector loop design, BGS [It is assumed to be gypsum]"
Conglomerate,2.3,"Busby, J.P. Provision of thermal properties data for ground collector loop design, BGS [1.3-5.1 W/m/K]"
Flints,3.5,"Nahhas, T., Py, X., Sadiki, N. and Gregoire, S., 2019. Assessment of four main representative flint facies as alternative storage materials for concentrated solar power plants. Journal of Energy Storage, 23, pp.79-88. [Flint rock has a thermal conductivity 3.5 W/m/K]"
Ballast,0.38,"Sun, B., Xu, X., Lai, Y., Li, D., Wang, S. and Zhang, J., 2004. Experimental researches of thermal diffusivity and conductivity in embankment ballast under periodically fluctuating temperature. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 38(2-3), pp.219-227. [Average value based on tight tests: 0.314-0.452 W/m/K]"
Pebbles,0.39,"Pupeschi, S., Knitter, R. and Kamlah, M.J.F.E., 2017. Effective thermal conductivity of advanced ceramic breeder pebble beds. Fusion Engineering and Design, 116, pp.73-80. [Results of tests using air, 0.406332, 0.382751, 0.395188, 0.381381, 0.380126 W/m/K]"
Mud,11.7,"Kucukdogan, N., Aydin, L. and Sutcu, M., 2018. Theoretical and empirical thermal conductivity models of red mud filled polymer composites. Thermochimica Acta, 665, pp.76-84. [The thermal conductivity of red mud is 11.7 W/mK at room temperature]"
Marlstone,2.76,"Son, X.Q., Jiang, M., and Xiong, P.W., 2018. Analysis of the thermophysical properties and influencing factors of various rock types from the guizhou province. In E3S web of conferences, Vol. 53, p. 03059. [2.562, 2.581, 2.920, 2.985 W/m/K]"
Ashes,0.14,"Robinson, A.L., Buckley, S.G. and Baxter, L.L., 2001. Experimental measurements of the thermal conductivity of ash deposits: part 1. Measurement technique. Energy & Fuels, 15(1), pp.66-74. [The average measured thermal conductivity of loose, unsintered deposits is 0.14 W/m/K]"
Kingle,3.58,Kingle is a very hard sandstone [https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/kingle]
Turf,2.01,"Turf is usually made of sandy loam soils [https://www.ancoturf.com.au/how-to-lay-turf/#:~:text=What%20type%20of%20soil%20base,level%20prior%20to%20laying%20turf.]"
Rubble,0.96,"Rubble is broken stone, of irregular size, shape and texture [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Thermal_conductivity, stone chippings 0.96 W/m/K]"
Clayey sand,4.26,"Hamdhan, I.N. and Clarke, B.G., 2010. Determination of thermal conductivity of coarse and fine sand soils. In Proceedings of world geothermal congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April, pp. 1-7. [Dark grey clayey fine sand/silt]"
Agglomerate,1.3,"BS EN 15286, 2013. Agglomerated stone - Slabs and tiles for wall finishes (internal and external) [Agglomerate is a coarse accumulation of large blocks of volcanic material that contains at least 75% bombs. 1.1-1.5 W/m/K]"
Boulder,0.1,"Grott, M., Knollenberg, J., Hamm, M., Ogawa, K., Jaumann, R., Otto, K.A., Delbo, M., Michel, P., Biele, J., Neumann, W. and Knapmeyer, M., 2019. Low thermal conductivity boulder with high porosity identified on C-type asteroid (162173) Ryugu. Nature Astronomy, 3(11), pp.971-976. [Corresponding thermal conductivities"
Blaes,1.25,"are 0.06–0.13 and 0.09–0.16 W/m/K, respectively; it is 0.10 W/m/K at 50 °C]"
Fireclay,0.97,"Busby, J.P., 2019. Thermal conductivity and subsurface temperature data pertaining to the Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site (GGERFS). [Fire clay is a range of refractory clays used in the manufacture of ceramics, especially fire brick, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_clay; https://digitalfire.com/glossary/fireclay; Boreland Borehole 0.59 W/m/K is near Edinburgh, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/OR/19/015_Thermal_conductivity; 1.35 W/m/K in Watson, S.M., 2022]  "
Cementstone,3.24,"Busby, J.P., 2019. Thermal conductivity and subsurface temperature data pertaining to the Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site (GGERFS). [Calchie Bridege Borehole 2.64 W/m/K and Barnhill Borehole 3.83 W/m/K are near Glasgow, https://shop.bgs.ac.uk/Shop/Product/BHO_605098, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/OR/19/015_Thermal_conductivity]. "
Basalt,2.05,"Busby, J.P., 2019. Thermal conductivity and subsurface temperature data pertaining to the Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site (GGERFS). [Hurlet Borehole 1.67-2.47 W/m/K is near Glasgow, Clachie Bridge Borehole 2.13 W/m/K is near Glasgow, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/OR/19/015_Thermal_conductivity]. "
Tuff,2.1,"Busby, J.P., 2019. Thermal conductivity and subsurface temperature data pertaining to the Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site (GGERFS). [Barnhill Borehole 1.7-2.75 W/m/K is near Glasgow, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/OR/19/015_Thermal_conductivity]. "
Ironstone,2.35,"Busby, J.P., 2019. Thermal conductivity and subsurface temperature data pertaining to the Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site (GGERFS). [https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/OR/19/015_Thermal_conductivity]. "
Dolerite,1.84,"Busby, J.P., 2019. Thermal conductivity and subsurface temperature data pertaining to the Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site (GGERFS). [Maryhill Borehole 1.4-2.06 W/m/K and Calchie Bridege Borehole 2.13 W/m/K are near Glasgow, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/OR/19/015_Thermal_conductivity]. "
Seatearth,1.9,"Busby, J.P., 2019. Thermal conductivity and subsurface temperature data pertaining to the Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site (GGERFS). [Scottish Coal Measures Group 0.58-2.69 W/m/K and Hurlet Borehole 2.42 W/m/K is near Glasgow, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/OR/19/015_Thermal_conductivity]. "
Seatrock,1.9,"Seatearths have also been called seat earth, ""seat rock"", or ""seat stone"" in the geologic literature. Depending on its physical characteristics, a number of different names, such as underclay, fireclay, flint clay, and ganister can be applied to a specific seatearth. Synonyms for underclay included seat clay, root clay, thill, warrant, coal clay, and warrant clay. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seatearth]"
Seatstone,1.9,"Seatearths have also been called seat earth, ""seat rock"", or ""seat stone"" in the geologic literature. Depending on its physical characteristics, a number of different names, such as underclay, fireclay, flint clay, and ganister can be applied to a specific seatearth. Synonyms for underclay included seat clay, root clay, thill, warrant, coal clay, and warrant clay. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seatearth]"
Seatclay,1.9,"Seatearths have also been called seat earth, ""seat rock"", or ""seat stone"" in the geologic literature. Depending on its physical characteristics, a number of different names, such as underclay, fireclay, flint clay, and ganister can be applied to a specific seatearth. Synonyms for underclay included seat clay, root clay, thill, warrant, coal clay, and warrant clay. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seatearth]"
Fakes,1.35,"Watson, S.M., 2022. An investigation of the geothermal potential of the Upper Devonian sandstones beneath eastern Glasgow (Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow). [It was assumed that the thermal conductivity of fakes was 1.35 W/m/K]"
Cornstone,4.69,"Watson, S.M., 2022. An investigation of the geothermal potential of the Upper Devonian sandstones beneath eastern Glasgow (Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow) [Barnhill Cornstone 4.69 W/m/K]; Steel, R.J., 1974. Cornstone (fossil caliche): its origin, stratigraphic, and sedimentological importance in the New Red Sandstone, Western Scotland. The Journal of Geology, 82(3), pp.351-369. [Cornstone, a praticular type of concretionary carbonate]"
Whinstone,2.41,"Banfill, P.F., 2020. Hygrothermal properties of Scottish building stone and mortar. 5th Building Simulation and Optimization Virtual Conference. [Whinstone is a term used in the quarrying industry to describe any hard dark-coloured rock, Northern English/Scots term, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whinstone#:~:text=Whinstone%20is%20a%20term%20used,as%20the%20sedimentary%20rock%2C%20chert; https://materials.ads.org.uk/scottish-whin-stone/; Dry Scottish whinstone is 1.43 W/m/K, Saturated Scottish whinstone is 2.41 W/m/K]"
Waste,0.58,"Manjunatha, G.S., Chavan, D., Lakshmikanthan, P., Singh, L., Kumar, S. and Kumar, R., 2020. Specific heat and thermal conductivity of municipal solid waste and its effect on landfill fires. Waste Management, 116, pp.120-130. [0.32-1.05 W/m/K]"
Rubbish,0.58,"Manjunatha, G.S., Chavan, D., Lakshmikanthan, P., Singh, L., Kumar, S. and Kumar, R., 2020. Specific heat and thermal conductivity of municipal solid waste and its effect on landfill fires. Waste Management, 116, pp.120-130. [0.32-1.05 W/m/K]"
Freestone,3.58,"It is assumed to be sandstone. [Any fine-grained stone, esp sandstone or limestone, that can be cut and worked in any direction without breaking, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/freestone]"
Lava,2.2,"Gillespie, M.R., Crane, E.J. and Barron, H.F., 2013. Deep geothermal energy potential in Scotland. [Basaltic and andestitic lavas from thick units of low thermal conductivity rocks, probably around 2.2 W/m/K]"
Shell,1.59,"Wheaton, F., 2007. Review of oyster shell properties: part II. Thermal properties. Aquacultural engineering, 37(1), pp.14-23. [Oyster shell thermal conductivity varied from 0.9-2.27 W/m/K, depending on the study and oyster used]"
Moss,0.2,"O'Donnell, J.A., Romanovsky, V.E., Harden, J.W. and McGuire, A.D., 2009. The effect of moisture content on the thermal conductivity of moss and organic soil horizons from black spruce ecosystems in interior Alaska. Soil Science, 174(12), pp.646-651. [0.1 W/m/K for the living moss, 0.3 W/m/K for the dead moss]"